What is primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)?
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an inflammation of the bile ducts in the liver. This inflammation narrows the ducts and blocks the bile flow. This backing up of the bile (called cholestasis) can gradually damage the ducts and ultimately the liver itself.
What causes PBC?
PBC falls into a broad class of diseases called autoimmune conditions. Theses can affect different systems in the body, but are thought to be the result of the immune system working against the body itself, in the same way it would work against a foreign object like bacteria. The ongoing inflammation causes the tissue damage and resulting symptoms.
What are the symptoms of PBC?
Frequently, there are no symptoms. Most often, people are sent to a gastroenterologist for further evaluation because liver testing shows some abnormality. Fatigue and itching are common. Other possible complications may be bone loss and vitamin deficiencies. Patients with PBC may also have other autoimmune conditions.
How is PBC diagnosed?
Blood work, specific to the liver, is done. High alkaline phosphatase, antimitochondrial and antinuclear antibody, are usually seen in PBC. Definitive diagnosis is usually made by liver biopsy. This not only confirms the diagnosis, but allows for assessment of the amount of damage to the liver.
How is PBC treated?
There is no cure for PBC. Treatment is with a medication called Ursodiol. This may slow the progress of the disease if given early in its course. Treatments are directed at controlling the symptoms. For example, medications can be given to decrease itching, or to slow bone loss. Some studies indicate that smoking can hasten the progression of the disease, so smoking cessation is very important. Alcohol should also be avoided.
Outlook:
The progression of the disease varies greatly. In some, it is quite slow. In others, it may result in cirrhosis and compromised liver function. Those with advanced cases may be candidates for liver transplant.
Seeking medical advice for PBC:
Most patients are sent by their regular doctor for further assessment when liver tests are abnormal. Once a diagnosis is made, there are regular follow up visits. You should also be seen if symptoms such as itching become bothersome.